Kings and Queens of Spain
By the 10th century, most of Spain was under the Islamic Caliphate of Cordoba, except for the northern kingdoms of Asturias and Navarre. Sancho III of Navarre briefly united these realms in the early 11th century before they split into Navarre, Aragon, and Castile. Castile merged with León, Aragon joined with Catalonia, and both expanded southward as the caliphate collapsed. Fernando III of Aragon and Isabel I of Castile united Spain in 1479. Their grandson Carlos (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), a Habsburg, succeeded them. The War of the Spanish Succession in 1700 brought the French Bourbon king Felipe VI to the throne. The monarchy was absent from 1808 to 1814 and from 1931 to 1975.
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