Grand Dukes and Tsars of Russia
The Scandinavian Varangian Rurik assumed power in Novgorod in the late 9th century. His successors, the Veliki Kniaz (Grand Dukes), ruled from Kiev, then Vladimir, and finally Moscow. Vladimir I converted to Christianity in 988. The Mongol Golden Horde dominated the region for two centuries from the 13th century. Ivan III first used the title Tsar (from Latin Caesar), though Ivan IV "the Terrible" was first formally crowned as such. After the Rurik line ended, the Romanov dynasty took power, ruling until Tsar Nikolai II was executed by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Four female rulers (tsaritsas) also reigned, most notably Catherine the Great.
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